寄生蜂將它的卵放置在果蠅幼蟲里,圖片來自Milan et al., Current Biology,。
一天一個(gè)蘋果就可遠(yuǎn)離醫(yī)生,,但是一小杯龍舌蘭酒怎么樣?它似乎對(duì)果蠅有效果:黑腹果蠅(Drosophila melanogaster)尋求酒精來消滅生活在它們血液中的寄生蜂(parasitic wasp),。暴露在酒精中會(huì)在第一時(shí)間阻止寄生蜂把它們的卵安置在果蠅幼蟲里。這項(xiàng)研究于2012年2月16日發(fā)表在Current Biology期刊上,,也首次證實(shí)酒精可以被果蠅用來抵抗感染,。
已知幾種物種有自我治療的能力:比如靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物吃特定植物清除寄生蟲,而毛毛蟲(caterpillar)生病時(shí)吞食有毒的葉子,。如今這項(xiàng)新研究將果蠅加入這一列表中,,也是第一次記錄把飲酒作為一種醫(yī)療方法。
果蠅是一種獨(dú)特的昆蟲,,因?yàn)樗鼈兘?jīng)常依賴在腐爛水果中生長(zhǎng)的酵母,。酵母通過一種發(fā)酵過程將水果中的糖轉(zhuǎn)化為能量,同時(shí)產(chǎn)生副產(chǎn)物乙醇,。因此果蠅一生當(dāng)中經(jīng)常在酒精里游動(dòng)和喝它,,但是酒精對(duì)大多數(shù)有機(jī)體是有毒的。
它們也在一生當(dāng)中抵抗一種微小的寄生蜂(Leptopilina),,因?yàn)榧纳涓腥竟墸杭纳鋵⑺穆寻仓眠M(jìn)果蠅幼蟲里接著它的卵在果蠅的血液中發(fā)育成熟,。美國(guó)佐治亞州亞特蘭大市埃默里大學(xué)生物學(xué)家和該論文通訊作者Todd Schlenke說,“因?yàn)橛杏袡C(jī)體利用植物和真菌毒素作為保護(hù)手段,所以我們想知道果蠅是否以同樣方式利用酒精,。”
Schlenke和同事們開展三項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)來測(cè)試他們的假設(shè),。首先,他們猜測(cè)酒精的存在是否會(huì)在第一時(shí)間阻止果蠅被寄生蜂感染,。它確實(shí)如此,。相比于在對(duì)照食物中培養(yǎng)的果蠅幼蟲,寄生蜂顯著性地放置更少的卵在乙醇浸泡的食物中生長(zhǎng)的果蠅幼蟲,。
接著,,研究小組想觀察飲用酒精是否有助于果蠅在遭受感染之后消滅寄生蜂。感染的果蠅幼蟲在乙醇浸漬的食物或?qū)φ帐澄镏信囵B(yǎng),,然后進(jìn)行解剖分析,。位于飲用酒精的果蠅幼蟲內(nèi)部的寄生蜂死掉或生病,而位于對(duì)照果蠅幼蟲中的寄生蜂則保持健康而且繼續(xù)生長(zhǎng),。Schlenke說,,“寄生蜂幼蟲就是不能處理它們宿主血液中的酒精,因而它們死掉,。”
最終,,研究人員想看一下這些果蠅一旦遭受感染是否會(huì)尋求酒精作為醫(yī)治它們疾病的療法。再次,,這種結(jié)論是肯定的,。在劃分的培養(yǎng)皿---一邊富含乙醇,另一邊則不是---中,,80%的遭受感染的果蠅選擇乙醇食物源,,而對(duì)未感染的果蠅而言,則是30%,。Schlenke說,,“它們是自我治療的。它們故意地喝醉,。”
研究人員使用特異性地感染黑腹果蠅(Drosophila melanogaster)的特定寄生蜂(specialist parasite wasp)和感染很多種果蠅物種的普通寄生蜂(generalist wasp)進(jìn)行實(shí)驗(yàn),。在每項(xiàng)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,普通寄生蜂要比特定寄生蜂更多地死亡或患病,,這提示著特定寄生蜂已適應(yīng)它的豪飲宿主,。但是也存在另一種解釋,特定寄生蜂可能操縱它的宿主:它可能受益于它的宿主喝入的一定水平的乙醇,,因?yàn)檫@可能會(huì)消滅來自普通寄生蜂的競(jìng)爭(zhēng),。
除了證實(shí)果蠅天生能夠自我治療,這項(xiàng)研究還提示著酒精能夠被用作一種治療試劑,。有趣的是,,有人會(huì)聲稱喝幾杯烈酒能夠醫(yī)治胃病(stomach bug),。Schlenke說,“沒有人曾經(jīng)證實(shí)這種觀點(diǎn)”,,但是一頓猛喝可能傷害血源性寄生蟲,,如瘧疾。他問,,“它也能對(duì)我們有效么,?這是一個(gè)有趣的問題。” (生物谷:towersimper編譯)
doi:10.1016/j.cub.2012.01.045
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Alcohol Consumption as Self-Medication against Blood-Borne Parasites in the Fruit Fly
Neil F. Milan, Balint Z. Kacsoh, Todd A. Schlenke
Plants and fungi often produce toxic secondary metabolites that limit their consumption, but herbivores and fungivores that evolve resistance gain access to these resources and can also gain protection against nonresistant predators and parasites. Given that Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly larvae consume yeasts growing on rotting fruit and have evolved resistance to fermentation products, we decided to test whether alcohol protects flies from one of their common natural parasites, endoparasitoid wasps. Here, we show that exposure to ethanol reduces wasp oviposition into fruit fly larvae. Furthermore, if infected, ethanol consumption by fruit fly larvae causes increased death of wasp larvae growing in the hemocoel and increased fly survival without need of the stereotypical antiwasp immune response. This multifaceted protection afforded to fly larvae by ethanol is significantly more effective against a generalist wasp than a wasp that specializes on D. melanogaster. Finally, fly larvae seek out ethanol-containing food when infected, indicating that they use alcohol as an antiwasp medicine. Although the high resistance of D. melanogaster may make it uniquely suited to exploit curative properties of alcohol, it is possible that alcohol consumption may have similar protective effects in other organisms.