德國(guó),、英國(guó)和意大利科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)了一種分子開(kāi)關(guān),,可持續(xù)增加神經(jīng)細(xì)胞中鈣含量,,對(duì)記憶和成癮行為的形成發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用,。該研究近日發(fā)表在歐洲《分子生物學(xué)組織》雜志網(wǎng)絡(luò)版,。
學(xué)習(xí)和記憶的形成主要基于大腦神經(jīng)元之間建立新連接,,而尼古丁等成癮行為則表現(xiàn)為可長(zhǎng)期改變神經(jīng)元的連接性,從這個(gè)角度來(lái)看,,成癮行為也可以視為一種學(xué)習(xí)形式,。
神經(jīng)信號(hào)從一個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞傳遞到另一個(gè)神經(jīng)細(xì)胞主要依靠被稱之為神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)。信號(hào)傳輸是第一步,,它是大腦中任何學(xué)習(xí)過(guò)程的先決條件,。由此引發(fā)下游細(xì)胞的一系列變化,,導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)細(xì)胞連接性發(fā)生變化,從而達(dá)到鞏固記憶的結(jié)果,。而尼古丁或可卡因則可以觸發(fā)大腦連接方式的重排,。
在大腦中形成新的連接作為誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元可塑性的第一步,主要涉及鈣,。神經(jīng)遞質(zhì),、尼古丁或可卡因可導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)元連接處的鈣增加,鈣增加將導(dǎo)致基因表達(dá),,即蛋白質(zhì)合成,。蛋白質(zhì)合成導(dǎo)致大腦形成新的連接或加強(qiáng)突觸。
過(guò)去人們普遍認(rèn)為,,鈣增加只與神經(jīng)遞質(zhì)傳遞有關(guān),而與基因表達(dá)沒(méi)有什么關(guān)系,。而由德國(guó)神經(jīng)退行性疾?。―ZNE)研究中心皮耶路易吉·尼科特拉領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的包括英國(guó)醫(yī)學(xué)研究委員會(huì)所屬的合作實(shí)驗(yàn)室及意大利摩德納大學(xué)等多國(guó)研究人員組成的研究小組挑戰(zhàn)了這種觀點(diǎn),他們的研究表明,,在尼古丁或可卡因的反復(fù)刺激下,,基因表達(dá)必需由鈣信號(hào)參與才能誘導(dǎo)神經(jīng)元可塑性。
科學(xué)家還發(fā)現(xiàn),,服用尼古丁的小鼠會(huì)誘導(dǎo)RyR2受體的基因表達(dá),。RyR2蛋白參與細(xì)胞內(nèi)鈣庫(kù)的鈣釋放,從而導(dǎo)致鈣信號(hào)持續(xù)增加,,進(jìn)而導(dǎo)致神經(jīng)細(xì)胞的可塑性,。RyR2主要在大腦皮層和中腦背蓋腹側(cè)區(qū)等認(rèn)知和成癮部位進(jìn)行表達(dá),表明RyR2在學(xué)習(xí)和成癮過(guò)程中起著舉足輕重的作用,。研究證明,,激活活體動(dòng)物的RyR2,可導(dǎo)致與學(xué)習(xí),、記憶和成癮等相關(guān)行為減少,。這表明,RyR2對(duì)導(dǎo)致大腦長(zhǎng)期變化進(jìn)而成癮的發(fā)展是非常必要的,。
該成果對(duì)理解記憶和成癮的分子過(guò)程邁出了重要一步,。科學(xué)家希望新成果有助于治療成癮行為及諸如阿爾茨海默氏病等神經(jīng)退行性疾病的記憶喪失,。(生物谷Bioon.com)
生物谷推薦原文出處:
The EMBO Journal doi:10.1038/emboj.2010.279
Ryanodine receptor-2 upregulation and nicotine-mediated plasticity
Elena Ziviani, Giordano Lippi, Daniele Bano, Eliana Munarriz, Stefania Guiducci, Michele Zoli, Kenneth W Young and Pierluigi Nicotera
Abstract
Nicotine, the major psychoactive component of cigarette smoke, modulates neuronal activity to produce Ca2+-dependent changes in gene transcription. However, the downstream targets that underlie the long-term effects of nicotine on neuronal function, and hence behaviour, remain to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that nicotine administration to mice upregulates levels of the type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2), a Ca2+-release channel present on the endoplasmic reticulum, in a number of brain areas associated with cognition and addiction, notably the cortex and ventral midbrain. Nicotine-mediated RyR2 upregulation was driven by CREB, and caused a long-lasting reinforcement of Ca2+ signalling via the process of Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release. RyR2 upregulation was itself required for long-term phosphorylation of CREB in a positive-feedback signalling loop. We further demonstrate that inhibition of RyR-activation in vivo abolishes sensitization to nicotine-induced habituated locomotion, a well-characterised model for onset of drug dependence. Our findings, therefore, indicate that gene-dependent reprogramming of Ca2+ signalling is involved in nicotine-induced behavioural changes.