生物谷報道:來自麻省理工與哈佛大學總醫(yī)院(Broad Institute of Massachussetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University),,德國歐洲分子生物學實驗室,霍德華休斯醫(yī)學院等多處著名研究機構的研究人員驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn)了DNA執(zhí)行功能的一種新方式,,即兩個互補形狀“工具”能完成完全的不同功能,。這一研究成果公布在2008年1月1日的Genes & Development雜志上,。
領導這一研究的是MIT計算機科學與人工智能實驗室的Manolis Kellis教授,第一作者為其博士后研究人員Alexander Stark,。他們在這篇研究論文中發(fā)現(xiàn)一些miRNA基因并不僅僅來自DNA鏈中的一條,,而是兩條鏈都能編碼RNA,從而得到的miRNAs能形成發(fā)夾結構,,進入發(fā)育成成熟的miRNAs,。Kellis and Stark在果蠅中發(fā)現(xiàn)了兩種這樣的miRNAs對,小鼠中發(fā)現(xiàn)了八對,。
微小RNA(microRNA,,簡稱miRNA)是生物體內源長度約為20-23個核苷酸的非編碼小RNA,通過與靶mRNA的互補配對而在轉錄后水平上對基因的表達進行負調控,,導致mRNA的降解或翻譯抑制,。到目前為止,已報道有幾千種miRNA存在于動物,、植物,、真菌等多細胞真核生物中,進化上高度保守。
反義轉錄,,其產(chǎn)物就是與正義的RNA互補的反義RNA(或者稱反義轉錄本),,反義RNA可以通過與正義RNA的互補結合實現(xiàn)轉錄后基因沉默,從而控制基因表達,。在這篇文章中發(fā)現(xiàn)Hox miRNA位點的反義轉錄(antisense transcription):miR-iab-4能產(chǎn)生一種新的miRNA前體——mir-iab-8,,繼而成為有調控活性的RNAs。這種異位表達(ectopical expressed)可以通過直接抑制Hox基因靶標產(chǎn)生同源異性表型(homeotic phenotype),。
Kellis表示,,這種DNA雙鏈都可以編碼功能性RNA產(chǎn)物的方式“在之前從來就沒有想象過”,但是這一研究結果證明確實存在這種方式,,而且也說明在其它許多物種中,,也許也存在這種雙鏈DNA都編碼重要功能的“配對組”。
這一發(fā)現(xiàn)建立在之前有關miRNA調控的一項同樣令人驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn)上:12月,,Stark和Kellis報道了一個單miRNA發(fā)夾結構的雙臂都能針對不同的靶標產(chǎn)生不同的,,功能性miRNA。這兩項發(fā)現(xiàn)說明單基因能編碼產(chǎn)生4種不同功能——DNA雙鏈的每條鏈都能產(chǎn)生一個發(fā)夾結構,,而每個發(fā)夾結構能產(chǎn)生一種miRNA,。
Kellis研究小組利用的是生物信息學手段進行多種生物基因組分析,即比較基因組學,,通過這種方法他們在許多不同物種中發(fā)現(xiàn)了蛋白編碼基因,,RNAs,miRNAs,,調控元件和個體調控的靶標,Kellis表示,,“這代表著在基因組生物學研究中一種新階段,,即不僅在實驗室中,利用計算機終端也能得到重要的成果,。”
同時在1月《G&D》上的,,來自紐約約斯隆/凱德琳癌癥研究中心(Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center)發(fā)育生物學系的賴教授(Eric C.Lai)也有相似的發(fā)現(xiàn),而來自哈佛醫(yī)學院的Welcome Bender博士則證明了miR-iab-4的敲除揭示了一種從相反鏈轉錄的miRNA的存在,,而且反義miRNA的缺失會引起一個hox基因的些輕微去抑制(derepression),。這些在果蠅和哺乳動物中發(fā)現(xiàn)的額外的反義miRNA說明這種新機制也許能增加科學家們對miRNA功能的多樣化的了解。
生物谷推薦原始出處:
GENES & DEVELOPMENT 22:8-13, 2008
A single Hox locus in Drosophila produces functional microRNAs from opposite DNA strands
Alexander Stark1,2,6,8, Natascha Bushati3,6, Calvin H. Jan4, Pouya Kheradpour1,2, Emily Hodges5, Julius Brennecke5, David P. Bartel4, Stephen M. Cohen3,7, and Manolis Kellis1,9
1 Broad Institute of Massachussetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, USA; 2 Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA; 3 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; 4 Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA; 5 Watson School of Biological Sciences and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 22-nucleotide RNAs that are processed from characteristic precursor hairpins and pair to sites in messages of protein-coding genes to direct post-transcriptional repression. Here, we report that the miRNA iab-4 locus in the Drosophila Hox cluster is transcribed convergently from both DNA strands, giving rise to two distinct functional miRNAs. Both sense and antisense miRNA products target neighboring Hox genes via highly conserved sites, leading to homeotic transformations when ectopically expressed. We also report sense/antisense miRNAs in mouse and find antisense transcripts close to many miRNAs in both flies and mammals, suggesting that additional sense/antisense pairs exist.
[Keywords: Drosophila; miR-iab-4; Hox; antisense miRNAs]]
Received September 6, 2007; revised version accepted November 2, 2007.
6 This authors contributed equally to this work.
7 Present address: Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, The National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604.
8 Corresponding authors.
E-MAIL [email protected] ; FAX (617) 253-7512.
9 E-MAIL [email protected] ; FAX (617) 253-7512.
Supplemental material is available at http://www.genesdev.org.
附:
Manolis Kellis, Ph.D.
Assistant Professor of Computer Science
MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
Stata Center - 32G.826 - 617.253.2419
Karl Van Tassel Career Development Chair, 2007
National Science Foundation Career Award, 2007
Technology Review Top Young Innovators, 2006
Distinguished Alumnus (1964) Career Development Chair, 2005
Research Interests
Computational Biology
HumanMotifs - Motif discovery in the human genome
Duplication - Genome duplication in yeast
Yeast - Gene identification and motif discovery in yeast
6.895 - Computational Biology: Genomes, Networks, Evolution
Hox - Developmental gene clusters in mammals
Evolution - Computational requirements for evolvability
Thesis - Received Sprowls award for best PhD thesis in CS