Babraham研究所的科學(xué)家們揭示了生殖細(xì)胞(卵子和精子)發(fā)育時DNA重置的機制。眾所周知,表觀遺傳學(xué)修飾是指不改變DNA序列的DNA修飾,,DNA上添加這樣的小基團(tuán)會改變基因的活性。在人們的一生中(包括在子宮內(nèi)的發(fā)育),,表觀遺傳學(xué)修飾都在不斷積累和變化,,環(huán)境也能夠?qū)Ρ碛^遺傳學(xué)修飾發(fā)生影響。
在生殖細(xì)胞的成熟過程中,絕大多數(shù)DNA修飾會被抹去,,這種重置機制會刪除相應(yīng)的“環(huán)境記憶”,,不過也會有一部分DNA修飾保留下來。了解這一重編程機制,,不僅能夠加深人們對發(fā)育的理解,,還有助于人們解析表觀遺傳學(xué)修飾在世代間傳遞的機制。
生物體內(nèi)的每個細(xì)胞都具有相同的DNA序列(基因組),,是DNA序列的差異性表達(dá)(基因開啟和關(guān)閉的差異)形成了不同的細(xì)胞類型,。甲基化往往出現(xiàn)在不活躍的基因上,而這項研究首次對原始生殖細(xì)胞上的甲基化情況進(jìn)行了全基因組研究,。
研究人員利用Illumina測序平臺生成了高分辨率的甲基化圖譜,,標(biāo)注了原始生殖細(xì)胞中DNA去甲基化的時機和位點。一直以來,,人們對哺乳動物體內(nèi)的去甲基化過程知之甚少,,而這項研究顯示大多數(shù)去甲基化事件比人們的預(yù)想要發(fā)生得更早。此外,,更令人興奮的是研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)了能避開去甲基化的DNA區(qū)域,,而這很可能就是將環(huán)境影響傳遞給子代的機制。有趣的是,,上述區(qū)域之一還與2型糖尿病有關(guān),。
文章的資深作者Wolf Reik教授補充道,近年來有不少研究證實在哺乳動物中環(huán)境信息可以傳遞到下一代,。例如,,高脂飲食的小鼠其后代的代謝也受到了影響。但迄今為止,,人們還不知道環(huán)境信息的遺傳是如何發(fā)生的,,而這項新研究從機制上支持了上述現(xiàn)象。此外研究顯示,,形成精子的細(xì)胞與形成卵子的細(xì)胞相比,,DNA去甲基化完全發(fā)生得更為頻繁,意味著在表觀遺傳學(xué)修飾的傳代方面父親的作用可能更大,。這項研究不僅能幫助人們進(jìn)一步理解遺傳和發(fā)育的機制,,還為治療肥胖和糖尿病等疾病帶來了新啟示。(生物谷Bioon.com)
DOI:10.1016/j.cell.2012.09.001
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Reprogramming of DNA Methylation in Pollen Guides Epigenetic Inheritance via Small RNA
Joseph P. Calarco, Filipe Borges, Mark T.A. Donoghue, Frédéric Van Ex, Pauline E. Jullien, Telma Lopes, Rui Gardner, Frédéric Berger, José A. Feijó, Jörg D. Becker, Robert A. Martienssen
Epigenetic inheritance is more widespread in plants than in mammals, in part because mammals erase epigenetic information by germline reprogramming. We sequenced the methylome of three haploid cell types from developing pollen: the sperm cell, the vegetative cell, and their precursor, the postmeiotic microspore, and found that unlike in mammals the plant germline retains CG and CHG DNA methylation. However, CHH methylation is lost from retrotransposons in microspores and sperm cells and restored by de novo DNA methyltransferase guided by 24 nt small interfering RNA, both in the vegetative nucleus and in the embryo after fertilization. In the vegetative nucleus, CG methylation is lost from targets of DEMETER (DME), REPRESSOR OF SILENCING 1 (ROS1), and their homologs, which include imprinted loci and recurrent epialleles that accumulate corresponding small RNA and are premethylated in sperm. Thus genome reprogramming in pollen contributes to epigenetic inheritance, transposon silencing, and imprinting, guided by small RNA.